The basic point is that peace is a relation, between two or more parties. Breaking the cycle of violent conflict with johan galtung duration. Introduction in the present paper we shall be using the word peace very many times. Johan galtungs conflict transformation theory for peaceful world.
So, an understanding of triangles is the first step in conflict mediation for congregational leaders. The abc triangle is a simple framework for exploring the impact and causes of conflict. Johan galtung on solutions in conflict transformation youtube. It is a single file containing the incompletely merged content of the two files. Structural violence and the underlying causes of violent conflict general objectives in this course you will examine the interconnections between poverty, development and violent conflict. It is true that there is a relationship with structural violence as there is between interpersonal violence and structural violence. Structural and cultural violence in religion and peacebuilding. Stalenoi, in their article the peoples warand johan galtungs conflict models, applies this theory to the civil war in nepal, which they identify as an asymmetric conflict. Johan galtung a principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies duration. Conflict analysis tools understanding and working with conflict. This represents a clear contrast to competitive diplomacy and war, the coercive approaches to conflict traditionally used on the international level, which often serve only to perpetuate bitterness and asymmetry.
Cultural violence johan galtung journal of peace research. Since 2005 the centre for peace and conflict studies cpcs and pannasastra. Ask them to tell the conflict and the solutions, if the had or did before. In this longer article you can find references to all our sources. Pdf afghanistan in the whirlwind of usrussia rivalry in central asia.
Violence, peace, and peace research by johan galtung international peace research institute, oslo 1. After this exploration into complexity of conflict let us combine domain and scope in another. This simple triangle will help you knock out workplace conflict interpersonal conflict can irreparably harm your workplace. Understanding violence triangle and structural violence. This article is a short version of a text which was first published with the title nonviolent conflict escalation in conflict resolution quarterly, 2016. Critics on the strengths of galtungs theory of structural violence suggest that galtungs theory sets itself up as too wide of a definition schinkel 2010. Combining the clistinction between direct and structural violence with four classes of basic needs we get the typology of table i. The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. When two people are in conflict, it is more than likely a third person is involved. Galtung, seen by many as the founding father of peace and conflict studies, argued against the. Menurutnya, ada baiknya konflik dilihat sebagai sebuah segitiga dengan tiga komponen yang terdiri dari kontradiksi c, sikap a, dan perilaku bketiganya sebagai tiga.
Conflict transformation by peaceful means the transcend. Successful conflict transformation and the achievement of sustainable peace require constructive, creative and realistic proposals. The parties may be inside a person, a state or nation, a region or civilization, pulling in different directions. Conflict transformation by peaceful means the transcend method. Peace and conflict studies is a social science field that identifies and analyzes violent and nonviolent behaviours as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts including social conflicts, with a view towards understanding those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition. Galtung suggests that the three types of violence can be represented by the three corners of a violence triangle. Examples of cultural violence are indicated, uaing a divaion of culture into rcliplon and ideology, art and language, and empirical and formal science. Examples of cultural violence are indicated, using a division of culture into religion and ideology, art and language, and empirical and formal science.
Oct 12, 2012 galtungs structural violence and the sierra leone civil war c. This is related to the conflict worker through violence practice in diagnosis, prognosis and early warning. Johan vincent galtung born 24 october 1930 is a norwegian sociologist, mathematician, and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict. A conflict file is created when a merge encounters differences that cannot be automatically resolved. Top and ceiling of traditional peacemaking the principal founder of the peace and conflict studies johan galtung was born in oslo on october 24, 1930 at a medical doctors family. In situations where there are few sources of livelihood, joining military groups.
The struggle against structural violence may induce personal violence or new forms of structural violence. This brief overview of johan galtungs life and work begins with some of his childhood experiences such as his father being imprisoned in a nazi concentration camp that shaped his determination to work for peace. To understand the direct structural and cultural violence triangle, galtung. It first traces the emergence and development of the analytical concepts of structural and cultural violence in peace studies, demonstrating how these lenses draw central insights from, but also differ from and improve upon, critical theory and reflexive sociology. Galtungs structural violence and the sierra leone civil. And structural violence is the most problematic area to be addressed for conflict transformation. Further, to deepen the understanding when and how conflict escalation takes place impact on attitudes and behaviour, the resistance concept gives precisely the added value by. Nevertheless it is also true that a wide variety of theoretical approaches are in use among different schools of thought and practice in the field. The 55 years long conflict has not yet been resolved, on the other hand it has intensified hatred between indian and pakistanis that can be termed as galtungs attitude of hatred transformed from long lasting frustration. Stalenoi, in their article th e peoples warand johan galtungs conflict models, applies this theory to the civil war in nepal, which they identify as an asymmetric conflict. Johan galtung, discusses his predictions of the us empire collapsing and becoming a dictatorship, before eventually rebuilding its democracy. There are many misunderstandings and unfortunate conceptions of conflict, that great creator and great destroyer. Conflict transformation by peaceful means the transcend method 2 as violence may enter, basic concepts in violence theory like direct, structural and cultural violence are explored. Stalenoi the peoples war and johan galtungs conflict models 34 and in a conflict more than one type of asymmetry may exist, each with variable degrees of intensity.
I take johan galtungs theory of violence as a point of departure, as a theory that is widely uncontested in peace studies. Typologies of violence and peace religious literacy project. Pdf educational value of johan vincent galtungs conflict. This occurs in the arena of culture, in the realm of beliefs, attitudes, and symbols. Thus there is a strong tendency to associate conflict with violence and something undesirable which should be avoided and deescalated. Pdf since the end of second world war, rigorous approaches to study of peace and conflict resolution pcr emerged across the globe.
The abc triangle competendo tools for facilitators. Johan galtung and provides an excellent basic concept for the analysis of even very complex conflict situations. Our investigation will begin by analysing violence and how it is affiliated to structural violence. This incisive volume is organized into four parts, each of which studies one of the four major theoretical approaches to peace. Lecture transcript and video of galtungs speech at the joan b. The principal founder of the peace and conflict studies johan galtung was born in oslo on october 24, 1930 at a medical doctors family. Galtungs structural violence and the sierra leone civil war c. Winmerge separates the conflict file into separate files and opens those files in file compare window. Direct, structural, and cultural forms of violence and peace often referred to as the father of peace studies, norwegian theorist johan galtung has developed a three pronged typology of violence that represents how a confluence of malleable factors merge in particular culturalhistorical moments to shape the conditions for the promotion of violence and, by inference. The socalled abc triangle in conflict theory galtung 1967, 1996 is used to explain how conflict escalates and how the different components of conflict are interlinked. Anything galtung forum understanding galtungs violence. In a conflict, the violent behavior we see has its roots in peoples attitudes and the politicaleconomic context. Remote work advice from the largest allremote company. Providing a wideranging panorama of the ideas, theories, and assumptions on which the study of peace is based, peace by peaceful means gives a theoretical foundation for peace research, peace education, and peace action.
Apr 15, 20 the conflict triangle can be used as a tool to analyse a conflict as a dynamic process in which structurescontext, attitudes and behavior constantly change and influence each other. He goes on to argue that whilst symbolic violence built into a culture does not kill or maim like direct violence or the violence built into the structure. Among the three types of violence represented in the above diagram, the most obvious type is direct or personal. Request pdf conflict transformation by peaceful means the transcend method. The distinction between positions, interests and needs pin of parties in conflict is a classic tool used in conflict analysis and resolution. It summarizes his contributions in mediating in over one hundred international conflicts, founding peace institutes around the world, publishing over 160 books and over 1,600 articles, teaching thousands of people around the world in conflict resolution and peace building, and inspiring many to devote their lives to peace. Just as important, this perception of conflict also ignores all the largescale societal conflicts fought along nonviolent lines. Johan galtung on solutions in conflict transformation. Both types of violence, therefore, need to be justified or legitimated in one form or another. The triangle of violence expressed by johan galtung. The number of universities offering peace and conflict studies courses is hard to estimate, mostly because courses may be taught out of different departments and have very different names. According to giorgio gallo and arturo marzano the clear separation is only useful in order to theoretically understand and explain a conflict. Peace by peaceful means is a comprehensive examination of peace that will serve as an invaluable resource to professionals and academics in the fields of peace studies, international affairs, comparative politics, and political science. This tool helps us to make a difference between the statements of each party and the emotions that are behind them, thus a tool for opening communication channels.
Hence, the aim of social justice gives little imperative as to how one deals with a given state of domination, what concrete steps should be taken, and by which means a critique can take place. Robert kiyosaki 2019 the speech that broke the internet keep them poor. Pdf afghanistan has been the political and military focal points of the united states us and russia formerly. The book is organized in four parts, each examining the one of the four major theoretical approaches to peace.
Direct, structural, and cultural forms of violence and peace often referred to as the father of peace studies, norwegian theorist johan galtung has developed a three pronged typology of violence that represents how a confluence of malleable factors merge in particular culturalhistorical moments to shape the conditions for the promotion of violence and, by. After giving a brief description of the galtung conflict triangle and short asymmetry and symmetry analysis,i will examine the nagorno karabakh conflict. Foucault and galtung on structural violence irenees. Apr 06, 2008 india and pakistan both claims kashmir, which originated the conflict.
This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. The transcend method is based on the central thesis that to prevent violence and develop the creative potential of a conflict, there has to be transformation. Aug 05, 2012 according to galtungs violence triangle 1969, cultural and structural violence cause direct violence. In a conflict, the violent behaviour we see has its roots in peoples attitudes and the politicaleconomic context.
You should complete one triangle for each of the major groups involved in the conflict. Direct violence, physical andor verbal, is visible as behaviour in the triangle. Pdf this article will explore the educational value of johan vincent galtungs thoughts on conflict. Galtung defines the concept as being any aspect of a culture that can be used to legitimize violence in its direct or structural form galtung 1990 p. In other words, galtungs theory of structural violence guides us a step forward into the realm of social and resource inequality, where the rich have many and the poor have few. The first triangle follows the attitudes, contradictions and the conflict behaviors. Understanding triangles is key to conflict resolution. University of california television uctv 51,888 views. A ll of galtungs ancestors for several generations were medical doctors and nurses. Potential conflicts at intersections with three and four legs.
Scottish centre for conflict resolution improving relationships, improving lives information sheet the sccr has been made possible by funding from the third sector early intervention fund. Resistance, power and conflict goteborgs universitet. Galtung s conflict triangle johan galtung we understand that violence is any physical, emotional, verbal, institutional, structural or spiritual behaviour, attitude, policy or condition that diminishes, dominates or destroys others and ourselves. Galtung and the conflict triangle chapman peace studies. Note that many potential conflicts, including crossing and merging conflicts, can be managed but not eliminated at a signalized intersection by separating conflicts in time. Stalenoi the peoples war and johan galtungs conflict models. While an embryonic idea of structural violence may be as old as the notions of conflict and injustice, the concept as a topic of scientific study gained salience through a seminal essay by the norwegian sociologist johan galtung 1969. This chapter makes the case for the necessity of a multifocal conception of violence in religion and peacebuilding. Johan galtungs conflict transformation theory paperblog.
John paul lederach uses the term conflict transformation, by which he means that a conflict is a potential catalyst for growth. After giving a brief description of the galtung conflict triangle and short asymmetry and symmetry analysis,i will examine the nagorno karabakh conflict using the models three axes structural, cultural social. Galtung first introduced the conflict theory triangle in his article violence, peace, and peace research. When you heard all the stories, give a feedback not on a concrete story, but about conflicts, what does it means, how is it important to have conflict situation, how is it important for the group development. Oct 21, 2015 johan galtungs conflict transformation theory for peaceful world. Pdf conflict resolution johan galtungs model for peace. You will become familiar with the terminology of development and core issues such as poverty, inequality and health. Few words are so often used and abused perhaps, it seems, because peace serves as a means of obtainingverbal consensusit is hard to.
This abc attitudebehaviourcontext conflict triangle was first developed by prof. The english connotation of the term peace is cessation of war, a state of quietness. A first, there are the attitudes a of the conflicting parties, which tend to become more defensive or even hostile as the conflict escalates. Galtungs theory of structural violence sociology essay. According to galtungs violence triangle 1969, cultural and structural violence cause direct violence.
At the very least, the foundations of a theory of conflict transformation have now been laid. Use this simple triangle to greatly reduce conflict. They key to bowens concept of the triangle is remembering that triangles are. In 1990, the main leftist parties merged into a popular movement. A conflict between two people often has more parties involved than those directly in conflict. Peace and conflict studies today is widely researched and taught in a large and growing number of institutions and locations. Israelpalestine galtungs vision for the peaceful transformation of the israelpalestine conflict sticks to what he terms transcends formula of creativityand the important recog. Furthermore, since the conflict triangle focuses on each partys perceptions separately, it is a highly recommended tool to analyse multiparty conflicts. University of california television uctv 49,009 views. Galtungs conflict triangle johan galtung we understand that violence is any physical, emotional, verbal, institutional, structural or spiritual behaviour, attitude, policy or condition that diminishes, dominates or destroys others and ourselves. Someone congratulated his parents saying, today a new doctor is born.
According to giorgio gallo and arturo marzano the clear. Johan galtung, the father of peace studies springerlink. Johan galtung, one of the founders of modern peace studies, provides a wideranging panorama of the ideas, theories and assumptions on which the study of peace is based. Galtung menawarkan model lain dalam membaca konflik, yaitu segitiga konflik the conflict triangle. Pdf the galtung triangle and nagornokarabakh conflict taleh. Johan galtung born 24 october 1930 is a norwegian sociologist and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies. The politics of peace and conflict trinity college, dublin. The image is meant to emphasize that the three types are causally connected to each other.
Following that, a comprehensive discussion on galtungs violence triangle will be presented in order to lead the discussion onto the strengths and weaknesses of galtungs theory of structural violence. Confortini my paper argues for an incorporation of feminist theories into peace theories, by analyzing what is missing by not confronting feminist contributions to a theory on violence. It would be erroneous to say that culture is the root cause of violence, since the causal influence runs bilaterally among the three corners of the violence triangle. The relations between direct, structural and cultural violence are explored, using a violence triangle and a violence strata image, with various types of casual flows. After giving a brief description of the galtung conflict triangle and short. Edinburgh cyrenian trust, a registered charity in scotland, number sc011052 the conflict triangle. He defined structural violence as a deliberate impairment of fundamental human needs by actors of power. A mini theory of peace tfftransnational foundation for.
The c corner of the triangle represents the core issue the contradiction that causes a. In a conflict between 2 people, one of the people often talks to a 3rd person in an. Galtungs triangles of conflict, violence and peace. On monday, a suicide bomb at a hospital in quetta in southwestern pakistan killed at least 93 people and wounded more than one hundred. Aug 10, 2016 the norwegian sociologist, who helped found the field of peace journalism, spoke to nm columnist liam mcloughlin about conflict, terror, and talking to the taliban. Environmental education resources to commemorate earth days 50th anniversary. In addition to direct violence, galtung identifies. The first triangle follows the attitudes, contradictions and the conflict behaviors theoretical framework 1. Johan galtungs recent account of 60 memorable and useful lessons learned from that period of his work can be read in launching peace studies the first prio yearspublished in 2010 by transcend university press popular. The theory of cultural violence is then related to two basic polnts in. At the root of the method is the understanding of conflict as incompatible goals, meaning as a problem to be solved.